hiv - aids 6 infection and epidemiology

HIV Epidemiology
HIV infection in children is almost always obtained from the infected mother. The virus can be transmitted through pregnancy, childbirth process, or through breastfeeding. In general, the percentage of risk of transmission of HIV from mothers to their children without the intervention can be described in the table below:
Estimated time of transmission and the absolute risk of transmission
Pregnancy 5 - 10%
The process of childbirth 10 - 15%
Breastfeeding during the 5 - 20%
Overall without breastfeeding 15 - 25%
Overall with breastfeeding to 6 months 20 - 35%
Overall with breastfeeding up to 6-24 days 30 - 45%

In 2000, WHO estimated that 1.5 million children infected with HIV, and AIDS among adult patients, 30% are mothers, including pregnant women. In the United States 0.17% sero-positive pregnant women with HIV infection in the baby figure of 14-40%. In Europe the number of transmission from mother to baby is 13-14%. (Pusponegoro, 2004)
Transmission from mother to baby transmission of the more progressive in the children. Among the babies who have spread vertically from mother, 80% showed clinical symptoms of HIV at the age of 2 years. Clinical description of symptoms of AIDS appear at the age of 1 year 23%, and at the age of 4 years at 40% of these babies. (Pusponegoro, 2004)

Transmission of HIV infection FROM MOTHER TO Baby
How the mechanism of transmission of HIV infection through breast milk is still a discussion by many health experts. Exactly, port d 'entry of HIV through breastfeeding has not yet been described. After the baby swallow infeksius the virion, HIV can go directly to the layer with the cut in order submukosa of epithelial cell layer of intestine mucosa, or the defek between intestinal epithelial cells. Defek can occur because of the alimentary tract immaturity's on neonates or interference occurs because the nutrients or because inflamasi by secondary infection in the infants who are older. Once HIV submukosa reach the intestine, the virus directly to the search and target cells, such as CD4 cells in the Peyer plaque, and it can start the infection and continue to be systemic infection. (Mofenson, 2007)
Other mechanisms that become possible port d 'entry of HIV infection include infection or active transport through the intestinal epithelial cells, for example enterosit or intestinal M cells, where deferensiation with epithelial cells that are associated closely with the transport of antigen, or foreign agent and underlie infectious of B cells Q lymphoid and network-related mukosa. This eases the spread of the virus directly from limfosit on submukosa layer. Role mucosa mouth and tonsil as a baby on the entrance of the virus infection is still examined by many experts. (Mofenson, 2007)
Many examples of HIV infection in the second trimester is known through a network of virus isolation. There are fewer examples transplasenta vertical transmission during the first trimester, but the acid and antigen nucleate HIV have been found on the network that come from the age of 8 three-week fetus. Three mechanisms have been found HIV intrauterine. First, the virus in the system is released from the mother cell desidua, next fagositosis by sinsitiotrofoblas. Second, trofoblast the invasion network desidua contact with limfosit CD4 HIV-infected mothers. Third, macrophage mothers infected invasion stroma vilus. Fagositosis may be the mechanism that is more important in the intrauterine transmission of the incident reseptor specific CD4 cells nucleous because of the molecular surface of CD4 cells have not been observed up to 12-14 days to pregnancy. (Parks, 2000)