hiv - aids 11 breastmilk education

The provision of breastfeeding

Mother who decided to breastfeed their children must be wary that:
• Therapy profilaksi antiretrovirus given during childbirth and the baby immediately after birth, will not provide protection for a longer breast fed infants.
• More than 20% of breast fed infants of HIV positive mothers are likely to get HIV infection through breastfeeding.
1. Giving breast milk exclusive
Advantages:
- Breastfed babies easily digested and provide all the nutrition and fluids is required. Baby will not need food or other beverages during the first 6 months.
- Breastmilk is always available and does not require special preparation to provide them.
- Breastfeeding can protect babies from diseases, especially diarrhea and pneumonia.
- With breastfeeding will create inner bond between mother and baby to be more closely linked.
- Compared to the combination of milk, breast-feed exclusively on the first few months can reduce the risk of HIV transmission.
Losses:
- Risk of transmission of HIV from mother to baby during the baby's remains are still breast fed by HIV positive mothers.
- Risk of transmission of HIV to be greater when there is a breast infection such as mastitis, or abrasions, and bloody hilt.
- For mothers who work, difficult for him to provide appropriate breastfeeding baby needs (baby breastfeed at least 8-10 times a day), unless the mother have a place to store ASI (for example, in the refrigerator).
- Mother who breastfeed need extra nutrition as an additional 500-750 kcal / day to assist mothers in breastfeeding the baby exclusively for 6 months first.

2. Giving breast milk with period stop breastfeeding
Mother with HIV who choose to breastfeed the baby must stop immediately after the breastfeed available for breastfeeding. Before entering the stop breastfeeding , a few days to two weeks, the mother with HIV should get information on how to maintain breast health, psychosocial support, and additional nutrition for the baby.
Advantages:
- The period of breastfeeding stop decided early exposure of HIV through breastfeeding.
Losses:
- Baby nutrition become less after breastfeeding stops if milk of an appropriate breastmilk is not available or not provided, as appropriate.
- Babies are at risk for becoming infected diarrhea when breastfeeding is not a substitute for milk prepared correctly.
- Baby became restless and would not even be drinking if stop breastfeeding done too quickly.
- breast mother can become hot during the stop breastfeeding if breastfeeding is not removed and discarded.
- Mother's pregnancy at risk for more sexual activity, if conducted.
- Early stop breastfeeding not recommended for infants have been known to be infected with HIV.

3. ASI Trought mother giving milk
Advantages:
- The use of maternal milk does not make the existence of HIV in the baby if the mother's milk is not infected with HIV.
- Some of the benefits of breastfeeding is also valid if the breastfeeding mother with the milk.
Losses:
- Mother's milk should test first and not infected with HIV.
- Mother's milk must protect themselves from the risk of HIV transmission during breastfeeding.
- Mother's milk should always be ready to breastfeed the baby as often as possible both day and night, or he must save the milk dikefor granted when he was far from a baby.
- In certain circumstances, will raises the question of the family or community about the situation his mother and the mother have a tendency to get pregnant again when doing sexual activities.

4. Giving breast milk with heat Flash
According to Morris, 2007, with the spark that breastfeeding has an important role in the transition from exclusive breastfeeding to solid feeding. And from research conducted by Dr. Israel-Ballard in California, United States, the results obtained with the spark that breastfeeding can inactive HIV in the breastmilk of mothers infected with HIV-positive.
Protocol in the heat breastmilk in the study can be adjusted to your own home. Air susu placed in sterile container that is not closed in a large pot containing 450 ml of water. Water is heated to boiling and then immediately cooled to a temperature 37C. (Morris, 2007)

Advantages:
- The HIV virus into the warm water inactive milk.
- Breast milk is the perfect food for babies, and most nutrient are still in it after heat.
- Breastmilk is always available for babies.
- Other family members can assist in providing food for babies.
Losses:
- While the ASI heat"does not" contain HIV, milk water is not as effective as usual breastmilk protects the baby in a variety of other diseases, but still better when compared milk formula.
- Rack and heat ASI requires time and often must be done.
- ASI must be cooled before and given out within 1 hour after heat.

Education and Monitoring
Every baby born from mothers with HIV-positive should have to be guarded the confidentiality of the mother and her family, and the need for the provision of counseling on the family. In care with no difference in caring for babies in general, just need special attention on the prevention of the occurrence will risk of infection. (Pusponegoro, 2004)
In the provision of routine immunization, according to Pusponegoro, 2004, remain to be done according to the schedule that has been recommended. Effectiveness and effects caused by the provision of immunization to this many are reported. (Pusponegoro, 2004)
In the HIV infection, the baby can experience weight infants with mild or fail to grow. Therefore, the baby needs to grow flowers, followed by a monitoring body weight, head circumference, and length of the body. Mothers should also always carry the baby for further examination: (Pusponegoro, 2004)
- Hits back to the monitoring body weight.
- Counseling on the provision of nutrition at the baby.
- The supervision will be the emergence of signs on the alert that includes the baby to drink less than 6 times a day or drink only a little, diarrhea, weight loss is difficult to ride.
In addition, the therapy can anti retrovirus that can affect the prognosis previous baby to grow and develop further. In the baby had got anti retrovirus therapy when the mother must have check-up. The examination carried out until 6 years to ensure that development in children does not show deviation in development, immune system disruption, brain development, and no tumor growth. (Mofenson, 2007)

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hiv - aids 10 brestfeeding

Provision of breastfeeding

Milk replacement given to breastfed infants who do not get breastfed at all. milk of breastfeeding, when prepared correctly, can provide all the necessary nutrient baby until the baby is able to eat as food in the family. ASI covers of milk formula or a modified animal (home-modified animal milk). And through the glass more than the recommended over bottle.
1. Milk formula
Advantages:
- No / slight risk of transmission of HIV infection in the baby.
- Created to fit babies.
- Other family members can assist in providing drinking babies, even when the mother is sick.
Losses
- Does not contain antibody that can protect babies from infection.
- Required that the provision of development, is intended to prevent malnutrition.
- The price is relatively expensive
- Milk should be fresh in the circumstances of each, according to the instructions for the morning or evening.
- In certain circumstances, will raises the question of the family or community about the situation his mother and the mother have a tendency to get pregnant again when doing sexual activities.
2. Animal Milk Modified (Home-Modified Animal Milk)
milk this type can be given when milk formula is not available. Babies need about 15 liters of milk each month for the first 6 months. Baby will also require multi nutrient supplements to prevent anemia and various forms of malnutrition. This is because the animal milk relatively low iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin C, and acid folat. Providing the proper storage and good nutrition can provide a significant value and reduce the risk of malnutrition. Not all animal milk or beverage can according to the milk. Some milkanimal that can be used to create a modified animal milk:
• Fresh Milk (full-cream/pure) from cow, goat, cow, buffalo or camel.
• Milk powder full-cream/pure
• Milk processing (the milk evaporated)
• Milk UHT (Ultra-heat Treated)
Milk preparation also requires some modifications in order to milk suitable for babies up to age 6 months. The steps it takes to make this includes thin milk in boiling water to reduce consentration and adding sugar to increase the sugar in the womb.
Profits and losses from the provision of a modified animal milk is not much different with the milk formula. milk provision does not require a fee for the provision of milk formula. milk babies that get this type of pain tends to be easier because of diarrhea and pneumonia, and malnutrition can develop into as milk animal is digested more difficult for the baby's digestion.

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hiv - aids 9 nutrition to baby

Giving Baby Nutrition from Mother HIV - AIDS

Since HIV was first known in the milk, policymakers need to develop guidelines that are easy and appropriate to help with the HIV positive mother to decide if they will breastfeed their babies. Where the mother was faced with the dilemma of risk that may be encountered:
1. Risk of transmission of HIV from mother to her child through breastfeeding, or
2. Risk will morbiditas / infant mortality by as many as the ASI is not given. (Morrison, 2000)
Not be breast-fed infants when compared with breast fed infants appear to be greater risk for malnutrition and disease occurs infections that threaten the people, in addition to HIV, especially in the first year of life, and breastfeeding exclusively provide better protection. (Anonymous, 2003)
Risks associated with not breast-feed baby also depends on the environment, for example the availability of appropriate nutrition and hygiene water. The state of the mother and the family also affect the baby's risk, including economic status and education. (anonymous, 2003)
Some research indicates that the benefits from the protection of drug therapy given to decrease when the baby back in touch with HIV through breastfeeding. (Kanabus, 2006)
Many agencies or institutions that deal with HIV / AIDS, recommend to the HIV-infected mothers not to breastfeed the baby immediately after milk formula for breastfeeding available acceptable (acceptable), easy way making (feasible), cheap (affordable), it's easy to get (sustainable), and safe (safe) for the baby. (Kanabus, 2006)
However, for those who live where it is difficult to get clean water and safe, the risk for the occurrence of infection by milk formula is greater when compared with the ASI. (Kanabus, 2006)
With the HIV positive mother should first search for information or consultation about the choice of drink to the baby. If you want the mother to breastfeed the baby, it will be at risk to transmit HIV infection to the baby, while giving milk formula may increase the risk of pain (morbiditas) and death (mortality), especially when the milk formula should not be done safely. Then, any choice of the mother is given support at the high, however because it is the choice of the mother are best for baby. (Pusponegoro, 2004)
Babies who get milk formula does not get the special vitamin-vitamin, nutrients, and protective agents found in breast milk. Price milk formula sometimes beyond the reach capability, especially in the family can not afford, even if the product milk formula is widespread and easily obtainable. In addition, many women also have deficiencies in the knowledge, get the clean water, and materials needed to prepare the milk of a safe, or they do not have much time to prepare the milk . If making milk formula is not suitable, for example, mixed with water that is clean or not too thin, then the formula is exactly milk can cause infections, malnutrition or even death. (Kanabus, 2006)
For the HIV positive mother who decided to breastfeed the baby, breastfeeding is recommended for babies aged one month in the first, and must be stopped immediately after the milk formula breastmilk substitute is available. Giving a combination of drink (drink from animal milk, milk formula, porridge made, in addition to the ASI) are not recommended as this will make the risk of occurrence of infection is higher than the provision of exclusive breastfeeding (Pusponegoro, 2004). Infection may occur due to the combination of drinks can cause damage to the epithelial layer of stomach and intestine and that the baby is easier for the HIV virus in infants breastfed for infected. Until this time there is no research that can indicate when the best time to stop the breastfeeding period and it depends on the age of the baby, the mother, and the surrounding environment. (Kanabus, 2006)
Here is an alternative in the provision of nutrition in the infant age of 6 months: (anonymous, 2003)

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hiv - aids 8 therapy

Therapy Anti retrovirus
Without giving medications anti retrovirus, 25% of infants with HIV-positive mothers will be born before or at the time of birth, or 15% will be through breastfeeding. (Pusponegoro, 2004)
Zidovudin (AZT) is a regimen that often use at this time as anti retrovirus therapy based on the results of PACTG 076 (Pediatric AIDS Clinical trials Group study - protocol 076). (Mofenson, 2007)
In the therapy anti retrovirus this, note whether the mother before being anti retrovirus obtain treatment for HIV or get treatment for the prevention of transmission anti retrovirus on the baby.
When mothers have got AZT 4 weeks before birth, after birth the baby is given AZT 2 mg / kg BB per oral every 6 hours for 6 weeks. When mothers have got nevirapin single dose during labor and infants aged less than 3 days, the baby should be given in nevirapin Suspense 2 mg / kg BB per oral. (Pusponegoro, 2004)
When there is no therapy anti retrovirus given to the mother during pregnancy, childbirth, or at the time of birth, there are some recommendations that include: (Mofenson, 2007)
• Babies should immediately get AZT therapy immediately after birth for 6 weeks, given in 6-12 minutes.
• specialist children's doctor who specifically deal with HIV need to consider combinations of drugs anti retrovirus depending on the status of the mother.
• Mother of the examination should be performed after childbirth (eg, viral load, the number of CD4 cells), to determine whether he should get therapy anti retrovirus for health itself.
Preparat and anti retrovirus dose for infants and children: (Wahono, 2006)
1. Zidovudin (AZT)
- Neonates less hours
1.5 mg / kg BB every 12 hours until the age of 2 weeks, then 2 mg every 8 hours kg BB
- Neonates enough hours (until the age of a baby 90 days) < • Oral: 2 mg / kgBB every 6 hours (oral) • IV: 1.5 mg / kgBB every 6 hours - Pediatrics (dose range 90 mg-180mg/m2 LPB every 6-8 hours) • Oral: 160 mg/m2 every 8 hours LPB • IV (infus intermiten): 120 mg/m2 every 6 hours LPB • IV (infus rumatan): 20 mg/m2 LPB / hr - Adolesen 3x200 mg / day, or 2x300 mg / day 2. Stavudin (d4T) - Neonatus (under evaluation in the PACTG 332) - Pediatrics 1 mg / kgBB (up to 30 kg weight), 2x a day - Adolesen / adult BB> 60 mg kg 2x40, BB <60> 50 kg: 2xl50 mg / day; BB <50>

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hiv - aids 7 diagnosis

Diagnosis
Some of the diagnostic steps that can be done on a baby suspected of HIV infection obtain the mother pregnant. (Pusponegoro, 2004)

anamnesis
• Historical mother user of drugs including drug through the blood vessel.
• Historical mother receiving a blood transfusion or components, and without the filter of HIV test
• Historical aberration sexual orientation and behavior in the mother (female bisexual)
• Historical imunologis mother with a bad response.

Physical examination
Neonatus on clinical symptoms can be:
• BBLR or fail to grow.
• Infection channel repeated breath, otitis media, sinusitis, sepsis, monoliasis repetitive, sometimes happens nonspesifik infection with symptoms hepatosplenomegali, limfadenopati, and fever.
• Disturbance of progressive motor

Examination support
• CT-Scan  not have to see kalsifikasi basaltic ganglia and atrofi on korteks serebri.
• HIV antibody inspection  in children> 18 months, declared positive if the IgG anti-HIV (+) with the Blot and ELISA checks. In the infant <18> 95% baby age 3-6 months.
If test HIV, most of the babies born by HIV-positive mothers showed positive results. This means that there is antibody to HIV in the blood. However, the baby receives the mother's antibody, in order to protect the body's immune system so that the form fully. So positive test results in early life does not mean the baby being infected.
If the baby was infected, the body's immune system will form antibody against HIV, and HIV tests will continue to show positive results. If the baby is not infected, antibody from the mother will be lost so that the test results became negative after approximately 6-12 months.
A test other, similar to viral load tests can be used to determine if the baby is infected, usually several weeks after birth. This test, the search for the virus antibody is not, at this time only available in some large cities, and the price is quite expensive. (anonymous, 2007)
Both culture and virus-specific assessment RRP HIV, can be successful in the diagnosis of infection from the list of blood samples fetus. Amniocentesis and has kordosentesis can be done successfully in pregnant women with HIV sero-positive, but the way and time to perform the procedure invasive this problem because the chronology of transmission of HIV is not definitive. There are also concerns about the possibility of transmission to the fetus as a result of the procedure itself, especially kordosentesis. (Parks, 2000)

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hiv - aids 6 infection and epidemiology

HIV Epidemiology
HIV infection in children is almost always obtained from the infected mother. The virus can be transmitted through pregnancy, childbirth process, or through breastfeeding. In general, the percentage of risk of transmission of HIV from mothers to their children without the intervention can be described in the table below:
Estimated time of transmission and the absolute risk of transmission
Pregnancy 5 - 10%
The process of childbirth 10 - 15%
Breastfeeding during the 5 - 20%
Overall without breastfeeding 15 - 25%
Overall with breastfeeding to 6 months 20 - 35%
Overall with breastfeeding up to 6-24 days 30 - 45%

In 2000, WHO estimated that 1.5 million children infected with HIV, and AIDS among adult patients, 30% are mothers, including pregnant women. In the United States 0.17% sero-positive pregnant women with HIV infection in the baby figure of 14-40%. In Europe the number of transmission from mother to baby is 13-14%. (Pusponegoro, 2004)
Transmission from mother to baby transmission of the more progressive in the children. Among the babies who have spread vertically from mother, 80% showed clinical symptoms of HIV at the age of 2 years. Clinical description of symptoms of AIDS appear at the age of 1 year 23%, and at the age of 4 years at 40% of these babies. (Pusponegoro, 2004)

Transmission of HIV infection FROM MOTHER TO Baby
How the mechanism of transmission of HIV infection through breast milk is still a discussion by many health experts. Exactly, port d 'entry of HIV through breastfeeding has not yet been described. After the baby swallow infeksius the virion, HIV can go directly to the layer with the cut in order submukosa of epithelial cell layer of intestine mucosa, or the defek between intestinal epithelial cells. Defek can occur because of the alimentary tract immaturity's on neonates or interference occurs because the nutrients or because inflamasi by secondary infection in the infants who are older. Once HIV submukosa reach the intestine, the virus directly to the search and target cells, such as CD4 cells in the Peyer plaque, and it can start the infection and continue to be systemic infection. (Mofenson, 2007)
Other mechanisms that become possible port d 'entry of HIV infection include infection or active transport through the intestinal epithelial cells, for example enterosit or intestinal M cells, where deferensiation with epithelial cells that are associated closely with the transport of antigen, or foreign agent and underlie infectious of B cells Q lymphoid and network-related mukosa. This eases the spread of the virus directly from limfosit on submukosa layer. Role mucosa mouth and tonsil as a baby on the entrance of the virus infection is still examined by many experts. (Mofenson, 2007)
Many examples of HIV infection in the second trimester is known through a network of virus isolation. There are fewer examples transplasenta vertical transmission during the first trimester, but the acid and antigen nucleate HIV have been found on the network that come from the age of 8 three-week fetus. Three mechanisms have been found HIV intrauterine. First, the virus in the system is released from the mother cell desidua, next fagositosis by sinsitiotrofoblas. Second, trofoblast the invasion network desidua contact with limfosit CD4 HIV-infected mothers. Third, macrophage mothers infected invasion stroma vilus. Fagositosis may be the mechanism that is more important in the intrauterine transmission of the incident reseptor specific CD4 cells nucleous because of the molecular surface of CD4 cells have not been observed up to 12-14 days to pregnancy. (Parks, 2000)

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hiv - aids 5 clinical manifestations

Clinical manifestations

Clinical manifestation of HIV infection in the general form of infection and tumor on the normal condition controlled by immune system. The average person that a new HIV-infected do not show symptoms of AIDS. Acute HIV syndrome is often called the disease serokonversi because it is a phase of the person who does not have any antibody has a specific antibody against HIV this phase lasts 2 or 3 weeks, and then recover. Person with antibody against HIV. At this phase arise sudden fever, limfe gland enlargement, skin rash occur in the mouth and sometimes on the genital tool, often and with the gastrointestinal form of aberration anorexia Nausea, vomitus, and diarrhea. In addition ulserasi also found in the mouth inflamasi faring so sick seirng accompanied swallow. Not infrequently accompanied by symptoms of meningitis or encephalitis, fatigue, and depression letalergy which can take several weeks to months. At the beginning of this phase may be found of opportunist infections, especially candidiasis (thrush). (Rikyanto, 2006)
Along with the body's immune worsen, ODHA start symptoms appeared due to infection opportunistic, such as body weight is decreased, long fever, feeling weak, lymph gland enlargement, diarrhea, tuberculosis, fungus infection, herpes, etc.. (Djoerban, 2006)
According Soedarmo, 2002, the symptoms that arise from the infection of HIV / AIDS:
Non-Specific Symptoms (prodormal) HIV infection
- Fever
- Disturbance of growth
- Weight loss (10% or more)
- Hepatomegali
- Limfadenopati (diameter more than 0.5 cm in 2 places or more)
- Splenomegali
- Parotitis
- Diarrhea
Specific symptoms of HIV infection
1. Interference to grow flowers and intellectual function.
2. Interference brain growth
3. The progressive deficit motorist marked by 2 or more symptoms, paresis, the abnormal muscle tonus, reflex patologis, ataxia, or interference step.
4. Lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis (LIP)
5. Secondary infection, which consists of:
- Infections such as opportunistic by Pneumicystis carinii pneumonia, kandidiasis, cryptococcus infection, infection mikobakteria the atipik.
- Secondary infections by Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilia's influenza, Neisseria meningitides, Salmonella enteritidis, which cause sepsis, meningitis, pneumonia, and organ abses Internal.
- A heavy virus infection and recurrent, herpes stomatitis and chronicles the recurring, or herpes zoster multidermatomal knowledgeable.
6. Limfoma secondary malignancy such as primary central nervous system, Hodgkin's B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, sarcoma Kaposi (generally in adults)
7. Certain other diseases such as heart failure with kardiomiopati or aritmia, some deviation hematologic (anemia and trombositopenia), glomerulo-nefropati, such as eczema skin aberration, seborrhoea, molluscum contagious a heavy and long run.

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hiv - aids 4 examination

Examination of HIV

Laboratory examination to find out exactly whether someone infected with HIV is important, because the symptoms of HIV clinis infection can be seen after many years.
There are several types of laboratory examinations to verify the diagnosis of HIV infection. In general can be divided into serology examination to detect the antibody against HIV and examination to detect the existence of the HIV virus. Detection of HIV virus in the body can be done with virus isolation and culture, antigen detection, detection and the genetic material in the blood of the patient. (Djoerban, 2006)
Examination that is more easily carried out the examination of the HIV antibody. Filter is usually used as the ELISA technique (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay), agglutinate or dot-blot immunobinding assay. In the ELISA test is used lisat entire body of the virus with a cut off value degraded to improve the sensitivity test. The usual method in Indonesia is the ELISA.
Things that need to be in the HIV antibody test for the existence of this window period. Window period of time since the body is infected with HIV until the start of the incidence of antibody can be detected with the examination. Antibody began to form in 4-8 weeks after infection.
If the examination results of the filter states reactive, inspections can proceed with the examination to ensure the confirmation of infection by HIV, the most frequently used technique is Western Blot (WB) (Djoerban, 2006). This test is a more specific test for determining the existence of parts of the protein in the HIV p24, gp41, and gp120/160. Told found positive when 2 or 3 protein is determined.

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hiv - aids 3 pathogenesis

PATHOGENESIS HIV / AIDS

Limfosit CD4 + is the main target of HIV infection because the virus has affinities against the surface of CD4 + molecule. CD4 + Limfosit coordinate the work of a number of important functions immunologist. Loss of function causes disruption of a progressive immune response.
ODHA in the body, the virus particles to join the DNA cell patients, so that once an HIV infection, a life he will remain infected. Of all the people infected with HIV, some developing AIDS in the entry stage 3 year, 50% developed into AIDS patients after 10 years, and after 13 years almost all the people infected with HIV show symptoms of AIDS, and then died. Travel disease shows a picture of chronic diseases, according to the body's immune system impairment is also staged. (Djoerban, 2006)
After entering the blood, HIV will entry in T4 (CD4 +), a part of the integral and infected cells will lead to cell death T4. When most of the T4 have been destroyed will disease symptoms develop. Major core protein with BM / molecular weight of 24,000 (p24), and 2 on the main glikoprotein membrane with BM. BM 41,000 and 120,000 (gp 41 and gp 120), becomes the basis for diagnosis serology's. Most patients infected with HIV can be detected in the circulation of the antibody against primary HIV antigen. HIV infection spread throughout the organ. Body may react in immunologist, and clinical consequences occur aberration, called acute HIV syndrome. This phase lasts relatively short. Virus and is in the latent or concealed, does not cause symptoms. Having the infection can only be known through laboratory testing, detected antibody that is specific to people with HIV in the blood. This phase can take 8-15 years. During this phase the virus continues to multiply in the patients body and in many cells, especially cells in the immune system. AIDS is the terminal phase of HIV infection that has lasted for many years, and any damage of the body immune system. (Rikyanto, 2006)
HIV infection does not immediately show signs or symptoms specific. Some do not show symptoms typical of acute HIV infection, 3-6 weeks after infection. Symptoms that occur are fever, sore swallow, lymph gland swelling, rash, diarrhea, or coughing. After acute infection, HIV infection asymptomatic immediately. The period without symptoms is usually run for 8-10 years. But there is a small group of people who travel it is very fast, can be only about 2 years, and there is also a slow way (non-progressor). (Djoerban, 2006)
During the trip natural HIV disease, people in general do not know that his contract HIV. HIV antibody testing laboratory is the easiest way to find out, and in this phase the virus is rarely found in comparison with the acute phase. But people still infectious or can potentially transmit the virus to others. After the acute phase, people with immune system back to normal and functioning normally, but the viruses multiply, the more immune system cells to become more visible and increase worse. Then people go to the next phase, called callback (Progressive Generalized Lymphadenopathy). In the recent phase limfe gland enlargement occurs, especially in the head and neck. Size gland may swell and wane, and generally take a long time. After the phase of incoming calls phase ARC (AIDS Related Complex). (Rikyanto, 2006)
Phase ARC is a deviation from the set of symptoms that precede clinical AIDS. At this phase aberration body immune system has been significantly decreased. Three prominent clinical symptom is chronic fever, diarrhea chronicles (slim diarrhea). May also be accompanied with opportunist infections, which is the main indicator of AIDS, especially Candidiasis. Element end AIDS diagnostic phase often change the criteria. AIDS is the final phase of HIV infection is marked with various opportunist infections. Direct effect of HIV on organ damage include central nervous system, gut, forming elements of the blood, kidneys, joints and skin. Aberration in the third ARC also caused direct effects of HIV, AIDS on the more serious look. Often happens is that people appear to be fast, old, gray, wrinkled skin, and so forth. (Rikyanto, 2006)

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hiv - aids 2 definition

DEFINITION HIV / AIDS

AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) can be defined as the collection of symptoms or a disease caused by decreasing the body's immune consequences of infection by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), which include family Retroviridae and subfamily Lentiviridae. AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection. (Djoerban, 2006)
Until now the new serotipe HIV-2 is known that HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-2 is also called lymphadenopathy-associated virus type 2 (LAV-2) that until now only found in the case of AIDS or healthy people or healthy people in Africa. HIV-1, as the cause of AIDS, formerly known as human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type III (HTLV-III), lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) and AIDS-associated virus. Morphologies the HIV-1 and rounded shape of the nucleus (core) and cover (Envelope). (Soedarmo, 2002)
The core of the virus consists of a protein cover currently consists of a glikoprotein. Protein from the nucleus consists of a genome RNA and the enzyme can change the RNA into DNA at the time of virus replication, the enzyme called reverse transcriptase (RT). Genome virus which basically consists of genes, responsible for providing the code for both the formation of the core protein, and enzyme RT glikoprotein from the shroud. In fact there are other genes that function set synthesis, the ability of infection (infecsisitas), replication, and other functions of the virus. Part Envelope consisting of glikoprotein, apparently had an important role in the occurrence of infection because of the large affinities have receptors against specific cell hospes. (Soedarmo, 2002)
HIV / AIDS occurs through body fluids containing the HIV virus through sexual relations, whether gay or
heterosexual, syringe on drug users, transfuse blood components, and from HIV-infected mothers to infants born.

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hiv - aids 1 in pregnant and breastfeeding

This paper from Ravi and Joe, thanks to Ravi and Joe..

AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is a syndrome caused destructs immune system by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). Due to the loss of immunity of AIDS infected easily various types of bacterial infections, fungi, parasites, and viruses that are opportunistic. HIV infection at this time does not only attack those who behave sexually deviant, but this virus can be transmitted to anybody, including the "good" with a variety of roads so that relief "fear" and restlessness in the community.
HIV / AIDS is a major problem that threatens Indonesia and many countries around the world. UNAIDS, WHO bodies take the AIDS problem, estimate the number of ODHA (People With HIV / AIDS) in the world in December 2004 is 35,9-44,3 million people. There are currently no country free from HIV / AIDS. HIV / AIDS crisis caused many at the same time, the health crisis, the crisis of development countries, economic crisis, education, and humanitarian crisis. In other words, HIV / AIDS, the multidimensional crisis. As a health crisis, AIDS require a response from the community and requires care and treatment services for individuals who infected HIV. (Djoerban, 2006)
AIDS was first recognized in Los Angeles and New York in 1981 with the outbreak: Pneumocystis pneumonia Carinii (PPC) and sarcoma Kaposi on young people in a previous healthy state. (Rikyanto, 2006)

AIDS in 1983 occurred in the United States and in Africa is different in the case of the victim (patient) and the distribution pattern of the virus causes. So at that time the term AIDS arise West (Western AIDS) and AIDS, Africa (African AIDS). (Rikyanto, 2006)
In Asian countries such as India, Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines also began to show the existence of HIV / AIDS in the amount of light. Thailand, the first find of AIDS in the country at the end of 1984, shows a very large bump in the number of AIDS were reported sufferer amounted to 1389 people and HIV in 1658, so that the whole of 3047. (Rikyanto, 2006)
In Indonesia, people with AIDS that was first found in 1987 in Bali, a Dutch tourist who fell ill and later died of. After the first of these installments are reported in a number of people with AIDS and HIV. According to Dep. Kes. RI, until the year 1993, amounted to 130 HIV and 42 AIDS patients, so that the whole amount is 172 people. This amount, when compared with that found in other countries in Asia such as Thailand, are still very small. (Rikyanto, 2006)
According to estimates by experts, in Indonesia, in the case of the number of HIV was noted that 172 people as mentioned above, the actual amount is in the community is 100 times more; to be 17,200 people. (Rikyanto, 2006)
Indonesia already entered the decade to 2 HIV / AIDS epidemic, but until now there has not been clearly visible efforts on the national firm, humane, comprehensive and reach everyone. We also have not been effectively engaged, and while we still hesitate to act, HIV / AIDS continues to go the riot spread suffering and death, and threaten social values, culture, and our economy.
From the description above is very clear how terrible disease is HIV infection. The disease of HIV infection is so severe and the immune system attacks the body and slowly but surely cause the body's immune system to be decreased and eventually function does not work in the infection of microorganisms so that eventually cause death in sufferer. Which is most often suffer infections of opportunistic, the infection by microorganisms, which in the normal person can be said does not cause disease.
One of the interesting issues about HIV / AIDS research in the popularity in the world of health, among others, transmission of HIV infection from pregnant women / breastfeeding to the child.
A child may be at risk of contracting HIV infection in the womb, during childbirth, and postnatal period through breastfeeding. In the population with many mothers who are breastfeeding, 30% to 50% transmission of HIV infection can be caused by the breastfeeding process. In general, it is estimated that 320,000 out of 800,000 spread of HIV infection in children is estimated to occur each year are caused by the process of breastfeeding (Mofenson, 2007). Although the process of breastfeeding can transmit HIV infection to about 14%, but in some circumstances where the high prevalence of HIV, breastfeeding imperfection can increase the risk of death in infants 3 to 5 time. A baby can die because of not breastfeeding or adequate of HIV infection that is transmitted through breastfeeding.

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