surgical: fracture 3 classification

According Mansjoer et al. (2000) classification fracture are divided into:
1. According cause:
a. Jump
b. Not direct: as a result sustain the burden that exceeds the ability of the bones.

2. According to the form:
a. Closed fracture / fracture closed: fragments of the bone is not related to the world outside the room or in the body.
b. Open fracture / fracture open: there is a wound that connect with the world outside the room or in the body.

3. According to is:
a. Fracture complete, when all through the broken bone or cut through the bone cortex.
b. Fracture is not complete, when the fracture line does not cut through all the bones, such as:
- Hairline fracture (broken cracked hair)
- Buckle fracture or torus fracture, if there is a bending of the compression cortex bone spongiosa underneath, usually at the distal radius of children.
- Green stick fracture, on the one cortex with other angulasi cortex that occurred in long bones of children.

4. According to the form of broken lines and the mechanism related to the trauma:
a. The broken cross: angulasi or direct trauma
b. Broken line oblique: trauma angulasi
c. The spiral fracture: trauma rotation
d. Fracture compression: trauma-FLEKSI on axial bone spongiosa
e. Fracture avulsi: trauma tug / tracks muscle inserts on the bone, such as fracture patella.

5. According to the number of broken lines:
a. Fracture cominutif: fracture line more than one and each other.
b. Fracture segmental: the broken more than one but not related. When the two broken lines bifokal called fracture.
c. Fracture multiple: broken line, but more than one bone at a different place, such as fracture femur, fracture cruris, and fracture spine.

6. According shift:
a. Fracture undisplaced (not shifted), the complete fracture fragments but not the second shift, periosteum intact.
b. Displaced Fracture (shift), shifting occurs fracture fragment-fragment which is also called the location of fragments, divided:
- Dislocation longitudinum cum ad contraction (shifting direction axis and overlapping)
- Dislocation ad axim (the shape shifting angle)
- Ad latus dislocation (where the shift in the second fragment avoid each other).